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PAKISTAN 1995-96
Since the creation of Pakistan as an independent state in 1947 the country has struggled to integrate a diverse population, to stabilize its borders, and to establish enduring democratic institutions. Pakistan has yet to achieve those goals, as political, social, and economic ,upheavals continue to challenge the world’s ninth most populous state. Despite the importance of Pakistan’s status as a regional power and as a pivotal player on the global stage, relatively little timely, detailed analysis is available on the state. This book fills that gap by providing up-to-date analysis and information by leading scholars. The second in a biennial series, this volume interprets current developments in politics, economics, and foreign relations. In addition, special-interest chapters cover the status of women, Islamization, the role of the judiciary, the military, ethnic conflict, and nuclear issues. Scholars and general readers alike will find valuable insights and comprehensive coverage in this thoughtful collection of essays.
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A SENSE OF SIEGE
This book explores the nature of the friction between the Muslim world and the West, looking at legitimate perceptions and grievances on both sides.
Arguing that “Islam versus the West” does not represent the arena of the next global ideological struggle, the authors examine specific issues — for example, the enlarged role of Islam in internal politics — that require careful handling to prevent the consolidation of states into opposing blocs.
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SOUTH ASIA APPROACHES THE MILLENNIUM
This innovative volume offers a comprehensive analysis of the issues surrounding South Asia’s precarious security.
Going far beyond common considerations of border defense and regime, the contributors rigorously trace the social, economic, and ecological origins of present antagonisms. Although careful attention is paid to state military policies in the post-Cold War era — particularly as governments respond to a growing arms trade and nuclear proliferation — the authors also explore the far-reaching implications of environmental degradation and narcotics trafficking for security in the region, arguing that threats such as these transcend boundaries and local political regimes.
Exposing the fallacies of purely geopolitical, state-centric models for considering security issues, the authors highlight the complex historical interplay between state and unofficial actors. Concrete applications of their analysis to specific cases — like the Kashmir dispute between Pakistan and India — demonstrate the importance of confidence building measures and the inefficiency of “zero-sum” approaches to security.
Finally, through its dynamic model of security, this volume offers insights into the emerging significance of new regional identities and relations in the next millennium
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HISTORICAL HANDBOOK OF MUSLIM INDIA 1700-1947
In 1992 Professor K K Aziz published a compendium on Muslim and non-Muslim political, religious and cultural parties, organizations and movements which flourished in India between 1850 and 1947 under the title of “Public Life in Muslim India” (Vanguard Books, Lahore). The present Handbook now makes available to historians and research scholars a wealth of additional information on the same subject.
In Volume One, Professor Aziz has collected all the historical demo-graphic data Of various religious groups, especially Muslims, relating to their sex, literacy rate, language, mother tongue, etc. He lists all the rulers in Indian history — from the Muslims (Ottoman Sultans, Mughuls Naw-abs, Nizams, Amirs) to the British (Monarchs, Prime Ministers, Secretar-ies of State, Chairmen of the East India Co, Governor Generals, Viceroys etc). He notes the Salutes and Warrants of procedure of the rulers of the native states and he lists all the Commissions and Committees of Inquiry during this period.
In Volume Two, Professor Aziz lists all the White Papers, political and constitutional developments, elections, legislators, saints and shrines of Muslim India. He details the organs of the press and the share of various religious groups in public life and services. A useful glossary of words and phrases is added at the end of this 760 page Handbook.
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ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM IN PAKISTAN, EGYPT AND IRAN
This book examines the dynamics of the Islamic revivalist movements in the contemporary period. The manifestation of the phenomenon is diverse and varies considerably across a broad spectrum of behaviour. Specific cases of several movements, both Shi’ite and Sunni, radical and moderate, are examined.
The unit of analysis is the selected organizations. How they function depends primarily on the political system and the socio-economic and political milieu of the concerned state. Developments of networking among some Islamists outside immediate perimeters are examined.
Comparisons are made between the strategies, structures and ideologies of the most important of these movements. The Islamic Revolution in Iran is probed for unique qualities and differences between the Sunni and Shi’ite organizations are analyzed and explained. The countries of Iran, Egypt and Pakistan have been selected due to their representativeness.
All three are considered hotbeds of Islamic revivalism and have significantly influenced trends of the movement in the rest of the Islamic world. This is an absolutely indispensable book for those who wish to understand the compulsions behind the revival of Islamic sentiments and militancy in the third world.
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THE 1993 ELECTIONS IN PAKISTAN
Studies of elections in Pakistan are few in number. This is not surprising in view of the fact that not many elections at the local, provincial and national levels have been held in the country. Accordingly, few scholars have devoted serious or bipartisan attention to this subject. That vacuum has now been partly filled by Dr Waseem’s pioneering research into the 1993 elections, universally acknowledged as the fairest in Pakistani history.
This book discusses in detail the Moeen Qureshi govern-ment’s electoral mandate, all the major and minor political actors involved in the election campaign and its dynamics from start to finish. This is followed by a rigourous analysis of the provincial and national assembly election results, with particular attention devoted to factors which impinged on the final outcome, such as biradari, rural/urban divide, ethnicity, party organisations, candidate selection, slogans, electioneering style, etc. The dynamics of the formation of the Benazir Bhutto government and the bye-elections are analysed with great objectivity. The book also examines the necessity and possibility of electoral reforms in the post-election period.
The addition of a detailed section of appendices — the controversial 8th amendment to the constitution, manifestos of both the PPP and Muslim League (Nawaz) and statistics about the election results — has made this meticulous and painstaking effort an absolutely indispensable handbook for researchers, political analysts and laymen alike.
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ETHNICITY AND EDUCATION IN NATION-BUILDING IN PAKISTAN
Since statistical data on national development representing ethnic breakdowns for Pakistan are unavailable, this study utilized the national Social Studies curriculum as an analytical instrument, for its proportionate ethnic representation, to address the inequality controversy and processes of political socialization and stratification in Pakistani society.
The correlation between political changes in government and changes in the national Social Studies curriculum (the only uniform national curriculum designed to strengthen the national values in the younger generation) is suggestive of diverse perceptions of society by the ruling elite, and thus, reflective of an expectations mid achievements conflict among the different generations of diverse ethnic groups in that society.
This case study suggests that the role of Punjab as the sole powerful province within the Pakistani federation, while helping the ruling elite (as the political crises of 1967, 1970, 1972, 1977, 1983, and 1986 suggest) is damaging the very foundations of the Pakistani state. The necessity for broader political participation, socialization, and stratification should be realized because the assimilationist policies now prevalent (under the guise of religion) cannot keep the country united indefinitely.
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CENTRAL ASIA IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Since the demise of Soviet power, the newly independent republics are redefining their identities and their relations with the world at large. In Central Asia, which lies at the crossroads of several cultures, the emerging trends are complex and ambiguous.
In this volume, leading experts explore factors that have driven the region’s historical development and that continue to define it today; overlapping Islamic, Russian, and steppe cultures and their effects on attempts to delimit national borders and to create independent states; the legacy of Soviet and earlier imperial rule in economic and social relations; and the competition between Uzbek, Tajik and other group identities.
The authors make few predictions, but their original and thought provoking analyses offer readers new insight into aspects of Central Asia’s past that may shape its future.
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CHILDREN OF A LESSER GOD
Millions of children in Pakistan live short and painful lives, suffering the worst forms of exploitation and neglect. Such injustice is often explained away as a direct result of the abject poverty in which their families live.
Yet lethargic legislatures, uncaring judges and poor planning by the state must share in the guilt of ignoring the pains and rights of such children. This book sets out to put the record straight. It argues that approaches to the question of child prisoners should require a totally new, care-oriented discipline, especially where legal rights are concerned.
The book examines the extent to which laws are actually applied in practice. Recommendations are then offered to correct the deficiencies in the system. An added bonus for lawyers and human rights organizations involved in the defense for children’s rights is the inclusion of eleven thoroughly updated appendices containing all relevant laws and amendments.
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THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TAX REFORM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
This book approaches the subject of tax reform from basic economic principles. The objectives are to develop guidelines for the design of tax policy; to show how the principles can structure systematic research into tax reform in terms of the consequences for households, producers and governments; and finally, to combine the guidelines and applied research into a practical tax package for Pakistan, where tax reform has become an urgent priority. The authors provide a coherent framework to show how principles can be formulated, applied research structured, and policies developed and appraised in a systematic manner.
The majority of developing countries are currently facing severe budgetary pressures with rising demands for expenditures and limited scope for raising extra government revenues. In addition, the revenue systems which are in place may themselves generate strong impediments to efficiency, the expansion of the economy, the growth of the tax base, equity and the achievement of development objectives. Tax reform should therefore be central to public policy and development planning and is seen as such by many governments. It has also moved to the forefront of discussion in international agencies.
This book will be useful to graduate students, academic economists, and professional economists in international organisations and governments interested in public policy and development planning. The careful application of the ideas presented here should lead to a real improvement in the development of policy and to further empirical and theoretical research.
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SOCIOLOGY OF NATURAL RESOURCES
The environment throughout Pakistan is being increasingly degraded and supplies of natural resources are increasingly falling short of demands. The primary causes of this situation —growing population, a developing economy and changing patterns of resource use — are not physical, but social. Accordingly, attempts to understand the state of natural resources in Pakistan must begin with its society.
Herein lies the value of this collection of readings. It consists of eighteen studies of different aspects of natural resource use in Pakistan (and surrounding countries). Each study presents data on a particular system of resource use and bases its conclusions and recommendations on these data. Instead of merely saying what should be — as is too often the case with development-related literature, these readings first say what is, and then argue from there.
This collection will be of value to government officials, scientists, professors, and students working in forestry, agriculture, soil conservation, irrigation, watershed management, energy, and environmental protection and conservation.
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PARTITION AND ANGLO-PAKISTAN RELATIONS
This book sheds light on Pakistan’s relations with Britain from 1947 to 1951, with special reference to problems arising from the partition of the sub-continent. It centres on the British involvement at that time in certain conflicts, directly or indirectly, between India and Pakistan. The book is divided into five parts. The first part provides a very brief survey of Anglo-Muslim relations between 1857 and 1964. The second part, entitled ‘Some Partition Problems’, opens the floodgates to a round of rows between the Muslim League and the British in 1947. In the third part, the author focuses on Pak-Commonwealth relations in the context of the Kashmir Problem. He also discusses how and why both Pakistan and India have got bogged down in this quagmire. The fourth part is about the Government of Pakistan’s attitudes and Britain’s policies regarding defence arrangements within the Commonwealth. It also deals with some economic aspects of the Anglo-Pakistan equation at that time. The final part considers the so-called ‘Pathanistan Issue’ and details the historical record on the lukewarm relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan — the latter as a shadow behind the entangled events in the Tribal Areas while Pakistan continued to hold out an olive branch to Afghanistan.
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ISLAMIC CONTRIBUTION TO SOUTH ASIA’S CLASSICAL MUSIC
It takes centuries for the music of a country or a people to acquire its distinctive features. It evolves and grows with new technological skills, a wider range of mental faculties and deeper and higher spiritual aspirations. With the advent of Muslims into South Asia, music gained a fresh life and elan. Different styles of classical musical modes like Dhrupad, Dhammar, Sadra, Khayal, Tappa, Tarana, and Thumri were developed to a high degree of refinement and different types of musical instruments—the sarod, sitar, tabla, and the sarangi—were introduced. Some of the old traditional ones were modified and improved in range and timbre and tone. New Ragas and Raginis were devised and embellished with the amalgam of what already existed in the subcontinent with the traditions brought in by Muslims from Persian, Arab, Turkish sources.
This book presents a descriptive sketch of the formative influences brought in by Islam—those that have left their permanent imprint on the music of the region. It also includes a compilation of different Ragas prevalent in the subcontinent in a compact format.
Musician, music researcher and writer, Mobarak Hossain Khan has made a valuable contribution to music as a Surbahar player. He is currently a Director of Radio Bangladesh. He comes of a family of music lovers and practitioners. He is the third son of Ustad Ayet Ali Khan, a great musician of the subcontinent.
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THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TAX REFORM IN DEVELPOING COUNTRIES
This book approaches the subject of tax reform from basic economic principles. The objectives are to develop guidelines for the design of tax policy; to show how the principles can structure systematic research into tax reform in terms of the consequences for households, producers and governments; and finally, to combine the guidelines and applied research into a practical tax package for Pakistan, where tax reform has become an urgent priority. The authors provide a coherent framework to show how principles can be formulated, applied research structured, and policies developed and appraised in a systematic manner.
The majority of developing countries are currently facing severe budgetary pressures with rising demands for expenditures and limited scope for raising extra government revenues. In addition, the revenue systems which are in place may themselves generate strong impediments to efficiency, the expansion of the economy, the growth of the tax base, equity and the achievement of development objectives. Tax reform should therefore be central to public policy and development planning and is seen as such by many governments. It has also moved to the forefront of discussion in international agencies.
This book will be useful to graduate students, academic economists, and professional economists in international organisations and governments interested in public policy and development planning. The careful application of the ideas presented here should lead to a real improvement in the development of policy and to further empirical and theoretical research.
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SOCIOLOGY OF NATURAL RESOURCES
The environment throughout Pakistan is being increasingly degraded and supplies of natural resources are increasingly falling short of demands. The primary causes of this situation —growing population, a developing economy and changing patterns of resource use — are not physical, but social. Accordingly, attempts to understand the state of natural resources in Pakistan must begin with its society.
Herein lies the value of this collection of readings. It consists of eighteen studies of different aspects of natural resource use in Pakistan (and surrounding countries). Each study presents data on a particular system of resource use and bases its conclusions and recommendations on these data. Instead of merely saying what should be — as is too often the case with development-related literature, these readings first say what is, and then argue from there.
This collection will be of value to government officials, scientists, professors, and students working in forestry, agriculture, soil conservation, irrigation, watershed management, energy, and environmental protection and conservation.
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PRELUDE TO PAKISTAN 1930-1940
This is a companion volume to Prof. Aziz’s ‘A History of the Idea of Pakistan’ and it reprints the documents he used for researching a part of the period he covered in his massive and penetrating earlier study. Apart from the historical value inherent in the 252 documents reproduced here, three further considerations have impelled him to compile this collection.
Firstly, since every historian has the autonomy to interpret a document and every dishonest writer the freedom to distort or misconstrue it, the author feels obliged to put before his readers the material he used in writing his study to enable them to judge the authenticity of his sources.
Secondly, if read consecutively and intelligently, this collection gives the reader an idea of the climate of opinion in which the concept of Pakistan evolved. Finally, the reproduction in full of these documents will put the record straight in cases where some or all historians and scholars have tampered with the original text.
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THE TALE OF THE OLD FISHERMAN AND OTHER
These twelve stories, each by a different hand, are the stuff of dreams, pain, longing, fear and hope. People from anywhere are here, but they speak and cry in Urdu, the language of Pakistan and India. Urdu has a rich literary tradition, and its evocations and idioms have been sensitively recreated in English.
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PUBLIC LIFE IN MUSLIM INDIA 1850-1947
Next to the methods and decrees of the British government, the most important part of our modem history is composed of the activities and functions of the parties and movements which the Muslims of India established from 1850 onwards.
Their organization and attitudes, aims and objects, and policies and resolutions determined the political evolution of the subcontinent. And yet very little information has so far been available about them. Professor Aziz has prepared this compendium to fill this gap.
After an extensive search among original sources and comparatively reliable secondary literature he has brought together in one volume all the basic data on the political parties, national movements, and cultural, religious, educational and literary societies, associations and other public bodies formed by the Muslims of India during British rule.
Even minor and less known organizations and institutions have not been omitted.
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CENSUS OF PUNJAB, 1931
The publication of decennial census reports was initiated by the British Government during the middle of the nineteenth century and has been continued after independence. Questions of reliability and bias in the compilation of information as well as motivations which informed the publication of these reports have been raised and are relevant to every user of census reports. Even so, the censuses were often conducted with painstaking efforts and have preserved for us extremely wide-ranging information on the social, economic and political aspects of Indian life.
They contain information on the distribution and age structure of the population; castes and communities, patterns of occupation, patterns of land-holding and tenancy, health, migration, language, and education, etc., to name just a few aspects of the panorama of Indian society. For researchers interested ‘n understanding Indian life, the reports of he decennial censes compiled by British officers remain, despite the problems of bias, misunderstanding or conscious distortion, an invaluable source of information.
The census reports consisted of two ‘profile a general social and economic ‘profile and statistical material. The general profile contains an account of the census operations, the geographical and physical features of the area, the ethnography of caste and communities and changes in age-structure, health, education, employment, landholding pattern and 4enancy, etc. The statistical part contains data on geography, rainfall, temperature, distribution of population according to different demographic criteria, caste and communities, health, education, employment and migration and landholding and tenancy.
Census reports have, as a rule, been used by demographers, economists and economic historians, and a great deal of this use has been limited to the statistical data contained in them. Sociologists, social historians and political scientists have made very little use of these reports. These reports provide, particularly in the volumes entitled ‘General Reports’ which were published separately for each state as well as for India as a whole, ethnographic information on castes and tribes, describing their internal organization, social changes taking place in them, and the emerging problems of interaction among the different castes and communities. Social movements and trends towards social mobility among the castes and communities are also often discussed. Even from the viewpoint of the sociologists and social historians, therefore, the census reports are invaluable sources of information and cat** provide useful material on how the different sections of Indian society were responding to the processes set in motion by British rule.
The census reports are today a body rare documents available in only a few select libraries and even these libraries do not always have all the available volumes which in an average census year extended to more than a hundred for the whole of India. This reprint of Part I of Report of Census of India 1931 for Punjab is published in the hope that it will be welcomed by individual researchers as well as libraries.
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REGIONAL IMBALANCES & THE NATIONAL QUESTION IN PAKISTAN
The problem of nationalities in Pakistan has caused great confusion, hatred and bloodshed over the last few years. Those who demand rights for their people, are branded as traitors and accused of conspiring to break up Pakistan. Similarly, those who disregard the existence of ethnic groups, cultural entities and nationalities other than their own are called “oppressors and chauvinists” by others.
Many observers believe that the national question is the most important and urgent problem facing Pakistan today. However, despite this realization, there is very little concrete analysis highlighting the real (as opposed to the perceived) problems that exist in the various regions in the country. A great deal of ‘research’ is impressionistic, speculative and conjectural, and results in intellectual and political confusion.
The purpose of this book is to provide empirical evidence about the real economic and political conditions in different regions of the country. It is hoped that the data and the opinions of the eminent scholars who have contributed to this collection will provoke debate to clarify existing confusions and provide a correct direction to theory and practice.
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THE MUSLIM MIND
In this book Muslims, men and women, speak from the heart about what they believe and how they live. The central truths of Islam are stated by doctors, engineers, politicians, bankers, carpenters, as well as theologians. Islam has a billion followers. Like other great religions, its beliefs need to be taken seriously by all who want to understand today’s world. What does it have to say about family life, money, education, racial equality and pollution? Muslim readers of earlier editions welcomed a Christian author giving such a fair hearing to their faith. Their own sincere answers to her enquiries give a vivid insight into the Muslim mind. This book contains valuable resource material and is of interest to the general and to the academic reader.
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THE LIFE AND TIMES OF NAZIR AKBARABADI
Nazir Akbarabadi (1735-1830) was a remarkable Urdu poet of the sub-continent, who stands out as being distinct from the romantic or mystic mainstream of medieval Urdu poetry. He was a private tutor by profession but despite tempting offers never made poetry a trade. Nazir’s poetry is at once objective and large-hearted. Absorbed in the zest for life, its joys and sorrows are for him only passing shadows on the stage. It is this down-to-earth realism that makes him so relevant to society today. He adopted a new idiom which was firmly rooted in the soil and had direct links with the masses. This is the first time any Pakistani has attempted to shed light for the English reader on Nazir and his many moods.
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HISTORY OF SINDHI LITERATURE
Sindhi, like Punjabi, Urdu and Bengali, is one of the languages of the sub-continent which goes back to the earliest recorded evidence of civilisation.
According to Grierson, it can be bracketed with Lahnda as one of the two languages of the north-west group of Sanskrit languages. John Beames characterized it as ‘infinitely more natural and captivating than anything which the hide-bound Pandit-ridden languages of the eastern part of India can show.’
The present history traces the development of Sindhi literature from its remote beginnings to 1947.
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CONTEMPORARY URDU SHORT STORIES
The modern Urdu short story, which took root in India and Pakistan not very long ago, has today become a vibrant art form with writers from both countries contributing to its growth and status. It can boast a wealth of literature as yet little known outside the Urdu world. This anthology presents to the discriminating English reader a selection of stories comparable in excellence to short fiction written in any other language.
Starting with the years immediately preceding the independence of India and the creation of Pakistan, it spans nearly half a century of intense literary activity, varied in approach and wide in scope. The anthology features both literary stalwarts like Premchand and Mumtaz Mufti, as well as younger writers who have shown unmistakable promise.
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PAKISTAN A STUDY IN NATIONAL INTEGRATION
The case of Pakistan provides a stiking example of a new state that appeared to have achieved a high degree of national integration especially since political awareness had been focussed on the external differences with neighbouring India and the traumatic cost of separation. Its eventual breakup therefore came as a surprise to those who mistook the illusion for the reality. This book examines the political processes in new states such as Pakistan and Malaysia and sheds light on those aspects which enhance national integration or aggravate disintegrative tendencies. The author touches upon various dimensions of the modern nation-state problematic, especially the geographic and economic background to Partition and subsequent political developments under the martial law administrations of Gen Ayub Khan and Gen Yahya Khan which culminated in the creation of Bangla Desh.
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PARTITION AND ANGLO-PAKISTAN RELATIONS, 1947-51
This book sheds light on Pakistan’s relations with Britain from 1947 to 1951, with special reference to problems arising from the partition of the sub-continent. It centres on the British involvement at that time in certain conflicts, directly or indirectly, between India and Pakistan. The book is divided into five parts. The first part provides a very brief survey of Anglo-Muslim relations between 1857 and 1964. The second part, entitled ‘Some Partition Problems’, opens the floodgates to a round of rows between the Muslim League and the British in 1947. In the third part, the author focuses on Pak-Commonwealth relations in the context of the Kashmir Problem. He also discusses how and why both Pakistan and India have got bogged down in this quagmire. The fourth part is about the Government of Pakistan’s attitudes and Britain’s policies regarding defence arrangements within the Commonwealth. It also deals with some economic aspects of the Anglo-Pakistan equation at that time. The final part considers the so-called ‘Pathanistan Issue’ and details the historical record on the lukewarm relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan — the latter as a shadow behind the entangled events in the Tribal Areas while Pakistan continued to hold out an olive branch to Afghanistan.
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EXERICSES IN THE 20TH EDITION OF DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION
This book aims to introduce students tO the process of assigning and especially synthesising class numbers by the 20th edition of the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC). The chapters and the examples have been graded to some extent. No background what-soever has been assumed on the part of the students. It provides a complete course to train them in the techniques of number building involving the use of auxiliary tables and multiple syn-thesis. The graded process of number building will show the students the increasingly faceted nature of the system and its advancing steps towaras bibliographic depth and classification. To avoid verbosity, the number building has been depicted through equations and facet formulae.
The examples chosen are, as a matter of necessity, largely imagi-nary, though not far from the realities of (lie literary . warrant. The aim is to be amply illustrative and to step by step introduce the new concepts and methods.
Though the book is based on the 20th edition of the DDC, students using the DDC-1$ and DDC-19 should find no difficulty in using it.
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MEMOIRS OF AN EGOIST
Badr-ud-Din Tyabji’s first volume of memoirs is a personal record encompassing half a century of India’s recent history. The momentous changes this period witnessed are chronicled by Tyabji from a unique position of vantage. Diverse cultural and intellectual influences – an enlightened Islamic and strongly nationalist family tradition, tempered by a liberal Western education – shaped his forceful personality and distinguished career. This volume traces the author’s childhood and youth under the Raj, his experience as a civil service officer, the rough crossing over into Independence under the shadow of Partition, the shaping of the new sovereign republic, and his experiences of the Indian Foreign Service in its infancy.
The Tyabji family rose from a background of entrepreneurial prosperity to social prominence in an age when emerging nationalism was propelling the country swiftly towards a final confrontation with its colonial identity. These memoirs bring to life personalities and events of this vibrant period, not too distant but already sadly fading from national memory. The value of the book as a historical documentation is greatly enhanced by the author’s robust wisdom, eye for detail and wry sense of humour. But his sharp observation, unflinching candour and cutting wit are always mellowed by a lively curiosity and instinctive generosity of heart. A self confessed egoist, Tyabji counter – balances his nostalgia for the past with pragmatic evaluation without detracting from its essential period charm.
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MAULANA AZAD
Three passions dominated Maulana Azad’s life: love of learning, Hindu-Muslim unity and freedom of India. This comprehensive and sensitive study, using extensive source material offers, for the first time, a critical portrait of a remarkable intellectual who fought for his country’s freedom.
He never ceased cultivating his own garden even when, as a rebel against British rule, he had to live in gaol for about a decade.
Shy and reserved by nature and temperamentally a private person who would rather commune with the minarets of the Tajat Agra on moonlit nights than mix with crowds, this scholar extraordinaire was pushed into the arena of political battle and consecrated his life to the service of the country.
Forsaken by his own community and distrusted by others, he never compromised on his integrity. Jinnah refused to shake hands with him.
In high politics he showed a rare sagacity but his advice was disregarded on some crucial occasions for which the country has had to pay a heavy price. Towards the close of his life he was a sad man.
His thwarted love affair, like Dante’s, had given him a new, exalted vision of life. But the ideals he stood for lay shattered and the sense of utter failure in his mission seized him.
This work captures the unique spirit of this remarkable personality, torn by conflict and caught up in paradoxical situations.
It also provides a sound understanding of the inner turmoils of the man by reviewing them in the broad historical perspective of his times when the destiny of the country which he helped to shape was taking a new turn.
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PAKISTAN
The case of Pakistan provides a stiking example of a new state that appeared to have achieved a high degree of national integration especially since political awareness had been focussed on the external differences with neighbouring India and the traumatic cost of separation. Its eventual breakup therefore came as a surprise to those who mistook the illusion for the reality. This book examines the political processes in new states such as Pakistan and Malaysia and sheds light on those aspects which enhance national integration or aggravate disintegrative tendencies. The author touches upon various dimensions of the modern nation-state problematic, especially the geographic and economic background to Partition and subsequent political developments under the martial law administrations of Gen Ayub Khan and Gen Yahya Khan which culminated in the creation of Bangla Desh.
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PAKISTAN’S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1947-1990
This book traces the development of Pakistan’s economy through four decades of the country’s existence. The author describes the four successive decades as Stagnation Decade, Development Decade, Disaster Decade, and Bondage Decade for the economy. While the book discusses developments in all the four decades, the second and fourth decades receive special attention from him. This is because the growth strategies pursued by the military rulers, F.M. Mohd. Ayub Khan in the case of second decade, and General Zia-ul-Haq in the fourth decade were of far reaching consequences. These raised important issues of economic policy and development strategy for a developing country.
In a short period of a little over four decades since independence, Pakistan has moved from the status of an independent sovereign state to a dependency position caused by compulsions of external finance that it needs to run the economy. Its foreign policy has come to be dictated by USA while its economic policies are determined by the conditionalities clauses contained in the IMF agreements for grant of special credit facilities to the country. It is with this story of struggle of a Third World country, that Pakistan is, for rapid economic development and tribulations faced by it in the process That the book deals. The discussions in the book of growth strategies, balance of payments problem, prices and wages, economic inequalities and problem of poverty should he of interest not only to students of economic history of Pakistan but also to the development economists the world over.
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INDIA WINS FREEDOM
India Wins Freedom has at last won its own freedom. The full text of this autobiographical narrative was confined, under seal, in the National Library, Calcutta, and in the National Archives, New Delhi, for thirty years. In 1958 the ‘narrator’ Maulana Azad and his ‘writer’ Humayun Kabir had offered for publication a slightly abridged and revised version which left out ‘incidents and reflections mainly of a personal character’. That version underwent three large printings in the first year of publication and has been reprinted many times since then.
What we now have is the complete text, released in September 1988 by a court directive. Not only have all the words and phrases of the original been reproduced; the original tone and temper have been fully restored. The text now reveals that the controversy that has simmered for so long about the hitherto unpublished pages was fully justified. Those who have read the earlier version will quickly note the points on which this account differs from the earlier one. Those who have not read the earlier volume will find the present one as new and alive as it was when completed and put away in 1958.
Many of us may not agree fully with Maulana Azad’s forthright views on persons and events of the period (1935-48) but we shall be compelled to admire anew the honesty and courage of a great son of India.
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INDIA-PAKISTAN RELATIONS 1962-1969
Of the many problems which India and Pakistan have confronted since 1947, the most destructive has been their unsatisfactory relationship with each other.
The roots of this behavior were established during the course of events which brought about the creation and birth of Pakistan. Several conflicts later, including one which led to the dismemberment of Pakistan, the suspicion and hostility which characterizes relations between the two countries, after over 40 years as sovereign nation-states, is unparalleled in the history of international relations after the second world war.
Dennis Wright’s study focuses on the legacy of • the Sino-Indian conflict and how it sheds light on India’s perception ‘of the threat from Pakistan’. He examines the origins and aftermath of the issue of Kashmir and the Rann of Kutch, the implications of the Soviet Union’s close relationship with India and Pakistan’s with the US. He also discusses the movements for regional autonomy in Pakistan and what bearing these have had on Indo-Pak relations.
Wright’s argument is that, because both sides’ attitudes are so deeply ingrained, neither side has been in a position to act in the best interests of the peoples of the subcontinent as a whole.
The book draws on a mass of original data, including parliamentary debates of the period, UN records and documents, Indian, Pakistani and British newspapers and contemporary sources in books and journals
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DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION
This book gives a concise history and present status of the Dewey Decimal Classification which, since its birth in America more than a century ago, has spread to 135 countries. India, where the scheme was introduced in 1915, is today its largest user in the Orient.
M. P. Satija teaches at Guru Nanak Dev University.